Taking biomass energy in Brazil as an example，this paper systematically studies the sustainable development of biomass energy from three dimensions：economy，society and environment.The results show that Brazil's biomass energy has significant resource endowment advantages and does not endanger Brazil's food security.However，there is a great deal of pollution in the production process of biomass energy and its raw materials，and the increase in carbon dioxide emissions caused by the land use changes will add to environmental pollution.A biomass technology analysis shows that the second- and third-generation biomass technologies do not pose potential food security problems and have less environmental pollution than the first-generation biomass technologies.If Brazil can increase its investment in R＆D for second- and third-generation biomass technologies and finally commercialize them，the prospect for sustainable development of biomass energy in Brazil can be bright.Finally，based on an analysis of the differences in the development of biomass energy between China and Brazil，and in light of China's national conditions，the article explores the implications that can be derived from the sustainable development of biomass energy in Brazil.