Since the Belt and Road Initiative has been promoted for more than five years，it has achieved remarkable achievements in all aspects and became an important platform for China’s participation and leadership in global cooperation. Meanwhile，the security risks faced in advancing the Belt and Road Initiative are also increasingly prominent. Therefore，safety of people，institutional and investment need to be better secured. The main challenges of overseas public security issues while advancing the development of the Belt and Road Initiative can be listed as follows. Increased superpower games，the impact of the changed domestic political situation，rising risks of terrorist attacks，weak global economic recovery，accelerated public opinion changes and rising challenges of non-traditional security. In the future，it is essential for China’s overseas public security protection to strengthen the top-level design，increase the awareness and capability of overseas security risk prevention，enhance security forces according to local conditions，actively explore the new mode of cooperation of “going out”，steadily advance the Belt and Road Initiative and promote to build a new pattern of opening-up.