Since the establishment of diplomatic relations，China and Australia have maintained long-term friendly and cooperative relations.In 2013，President Xi Jinping put forward “The Belt and Road”Initiative，especially the South Line of the “21st Century Maritime Silk Road”，which provided a new opportunity for China-Australia international relationships.The author started from the practical and long-term significance of “the Belt and Road” construction cooperation between China and Australia，and explained the framework of“the Belt and Road”construction cooperation，including policy，infrastructure，trade，financial and people-to-people connectivity.The author analyzed of the challenges of China-Australia cooperation under “the Belt and Road”construction.For example，the destruction of the peaceful development environment by the US-Australia alliance，the recovery of trade protectionism such as the reverse of globalization，Australia's misunderstanding of China's political and democratic development，the tightening of China-Australia import and export trade cooperation，and Australia's underestimation of the future cooperation prospects.On these basis，The author looked forward to the future from such aspects as strengthen the cultural value foundation，promote the positive public opinion orientation，strengthen the economic interest ties，broaden the multilateral framework area，and optimize the future expectations of China-Australia cooperation.